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Asking Sensitive Questions: Panduan Pelaksanaan Survei dengan Tema Tindakan Ekstrem Berbasis Agama dan Non-Agama | CSIS

Asking Sensitive Questions: Panduan Pelaksanaan Survei dengan Tema Tindakan Ekstrem Berbasis Agama dan Non-Agama

13 May 2019

Indonesia menghadapi situasi yang tidak mudah dalam mengurangi tindakan kekerasan ekstrem (counter violent extremism) berbasis agama dan perilaku intoleran terhadap kelompok minoritas. Dalam catatan Freedom House (2018), salah satu faktor penting yang memengaruhi penurunan rating demokrasi Indonesia pada skala global adalah tingginya angka diskriminasi pada kelompok yang berbeda dan minoritas. Survei opini publik mengenai hal ini menjadi penting karena dapat menjadi bahan bagi pembuat kebijakan untuk mendiagnosis potensi munculnya tindakan kekerasan ekstrem atau mengevaluasi program-program moderasi dan deradikalasi.

Akan tetapi, melakukan survei mengenai pendapat publik terhadap motivasi, sikap, dan perilaku publik pada tindakan kekerasan dan non-kekerasan berbasis agama bukanlah hal mudah, mengingat topik ini sensitif dan beragam definisi serta standard pengukuran (measurement) yang berbeda. Karena itu, setiap penyelenggara survei atas tema ini selalu mengingatkan dirinya pada satu pertanyaan utama: apakah kita menanyakan hal yang benar (asking the right question)? Sebab, pertanyaan yang tidak tepat akan melahirkan kesimpulan yang salah dan mungkin akan menimbulkan kesalahpahaman dan memperumit persoalan. Buku ini berisi kumpulan tulisan yang ditulis oleh peneliti yang mempunyai pengalaman panjang dalam melakukan riset kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Secara teknis, buku ini dibagi dalam tiga bagian utama, yaitu definisi dan konsep violent extremism, pengukuran dan metodologi, serta manajemen dan pengalaman Indonesia dalam melakukan survei terkait tema-tema violent extremism.

Buku ini lahir atas kerja sama antara Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) dan Perhimpunan Survei Opini Publik Indonesia (Persepi).

Proses penulisan buku menjadi rangkaian kegiatan CSIS dan Persepi di tahun 2018, yang dimulai dari pelaksanaan konferensi internasional untuk membahas pendekatan baru dan pengalaman negara lain dalam mengukur violent extremism. Hasil konferensi tersebut lalu diuji coba dalam sebuah survei opini publik.

Dari sisi pengukuran, survei ini berbeda dengan survei bertema sama yang pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Dalam survei ini, persepsi dan dukungan publik terhadap tindakan kekerasan diukur berdasarkan kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah terjadi. Sumber informasi dari peristiwa tersebut diambil dari sumber resmi, baik yang disampaikan oleh pelaku, otoritas resmi, maupun diberitakan oleh media massa utama. Pengukuran dilakukan dalam tiga tahap, di antaranya mengetahui tingkat pengenalan publik terhadap peristiwa kekerasan ekstrem dan mengetahui sikap publik terhadap motivasi dan cara tindakan kekerasan dan non-kekerasan.

 

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